Needs test - involves the assessment of applicant's budgetary needs, as well as their assets and resources.

NAPO - a national level poverty group which resulted from a conference of people all across Canada. This organization believes that solutions to end family poverty must be the issue of focus, since children do not live in isolation.

National Council of Women - founded by Lady Aberdeen, was one of the key reform organizations.

Neglect - Sustained deprivation of food, clothing, hygiene, shelter, and other needed care so as to cause, or potentially cause, physical, emotional, developmental or psychological harm or disability.

Old Age Pensions - began with government annuities in 1908, where a person would put money into the annuity and receive the amount plus interest upon retirement.

Old Age Pensions Act of 1927 - emerged as annuities were seen as inadequate by lobby groups. It lasted until 1952.

Old Age Security Act - 1951, allowed $40 per month to everyone over 70 years of age. It was universal, but provided a bare minimum.

Old Age Assistance - 1951, allowed $50 per month to those between the ages of 65 to 69 years. It included a means test to encourage people to work until the age of 70 years.

Old Age Security (O.A.S.) - which is part of level 1 (basic minimum) of the 3 Tier Retirement Income Security system was the first major federal program without a cost-sharing arrangement with the provinces.

Occupational private pension plans - are part of level 3 of the 3 Tier Retirement Income Security system. R.R.S.P.s are an example.

Order perspective - a theory which states that society is made up of people who are competitive and individualistic, thus predisposed toward disorder. To establish and maintain order, people create institutions which regulate and maintain order.

Outdoor relief - people with disabilities were cared for through noninstitutional methods of relief.

Order perspective - looks at society as orderly, stable, sharing culture, values, and having consensus on its form and how its institutions should run. Conventional social workers tend to base their views of society from the order perspective.

Ontario Workmen's Compensation Act - (1914), provided for compensation if a worker was injured or killed on the job and protected employers from liability suits.

Old age pensions - developed in the 1920s due to agitation from senior citizens who saw the government annuities as inadequate.

Outdoor relief - was offered in the person's home.

Public primary education - began in the 1880s as a solution largely to juvenile delinquency.

People not counted in the labour force - include:"discouraged" workers, students, persons declared as unemployable, people at home raising children, seasonal workers (during their working seasons).

Primary system of distribution - market return to different factors of production - income in the form of wages, interest, rent on property, etc.

Primary labour market - high earnings, good working conditions, good chances for advancement, more likely unionized, closed to external competition.

Political economy and power - an explanation of poverty which looks at how economies and social relations interact, and how political power is tied to economic power.

Pre-industrial phase - includes the period from the formation of Canada up to the 1890s. During this phase, private charities developed, offering material relief and lessons in moral ethics. Social welfare in the form of what was then called relief began largely as "indoor relief" but became increasingly "out-of-door relief" for those people who were judged to be "deserving".

Post-war transformation phase - after WWII, a period of rapid economic growth and mass consumption, as well as rapid expansion in social work jobs, education programs and training for social workers. In addition, alternative models of practice were introduced and developed.

Positivist social science - believed that society could be studied using the same principles as the physical world, and that the scientific observer could suspend judgement and therefore not subject social phenomena to the bias of human judgement.

Physical Abuse - Physical assaults such as hitting, kicking, biting, throwing, burning or poisoning that cause, or could cause, physical injury as well as behaviours or omissions that cause, or could cause, physical injury to a child.

Pre-industrial Patriarchal Care - an historical phase in which rural "traditional" families had children working in farming with other family members, and household employees. The mother was seen as responsible for family care needs, such as cooking, cleaning, and nursing. These tasks were viewed as not having any economic value, and were seen as natural tasks to be performed by women. The father was responsible for the economic survival needs of the family. He was seen as the family patriarch.

Participatory Research - a type of community work which refers to a process of research comprised of education, investigation and action directed at changing the structures that promote inequality and the structures that produce knowledge which perpetuates the current power structures.

Paulo Freire - perfected a method for teaching people who are illiterate. This person's method contributed to the inspiration of Latin Americans to participate in the development of their countries.

Portability - Health services must continue to be covered when residents move from one province to another. It is supposed to cover Canadians temporarily out of the country.

Public administration - Provincial health care plans must be publicly administered and operated on a non-profit basis, and subject to public audit.

Political rights model - theory of disability, primarily concerned with broader social and political change. Oliver (1990) contends that a comprehensive understanding of disability can only occur through examination of a social oppression theory of disability along with the already predominant personal tragedy theory of disability.

Personal Tragedy theory of disability - problems faced by people with disabilities are not the result of physical impairments alone, but also of the social and political inequality which exists between people with disabilities and able bodied people (Oliver, 1990).

Publicly funded disability programs - incorporate programs covered by federal, provincial and municipal legislation and guidelines. Most are non-contributory.

Privately funded disability related income security programs - include programs which are provided through private insurance plans or through long term disability plans as part of a person's own work benefits. These programs are contributory.

Prejudice - An adverse opinion that "pre-judges" entire groups, based on incomplete and inaccurate information.

Power theory - a feminist-based theory, explains that wife abuse is a societal problem which occurs because of the power imbalance between men and women, specifically because of the dominance of men and men's roles. Wife abuse continues because there has been historical acceptance of abuse and of men's right to control women, even by force. This theory maintains that society must change its attitudes, values and responses with respect to women if wife abuse is to be prevented. This theory fits in really well with structural social work.

Primary structures - patriarchy, racism, capitalism, heterosexism, ageism, and ableism.

Psycho-social approach - an approach to social work which draws heavily on psychology. It examines a person's personality and social situation and looks at a way of improving coping skills.

Problem-solving approach - an approach to social work which breaks down every problem into component parts and develops objectives which must be met in order to solve overall problem.

Personal Change - an element of the structural social work approach, enhanced client power via worker encouraging clients to take responsibility for feelings, thoughts and behaviour which may be destructive to self or to others; linking feelings, thoughts and behaviour to primary structures.

Political Change - an element of the structural social work approach, activism by clients and workers within social justice organizations and social movements; developing alternative services and using non-violent conflict tactics; coalition/solidarity work.

Pauperization - the fear in the 19th century that people would become dependent on charity and become pauperized or dependant on relief. This is a theme that is still prevalent today.

Rank and file movement - arose and gathered strength in the 1930s; an organization which identified with the labour movement and exploitation of the people, while its members distinguished themselves from supervisors and executives.

Racism - Individual and institutionalized beliefs and practices which advocate that some races are inferior to others.

Residential schools -separated children from their families and communities for up to years at a time. The purpose was to fulfill assimilation policies of the federal government, were large numbers of children experienced emotional, physical and sexual abuse.

Social welfare policy - legislation, regulation, and other directives that set the framework for state social welfare activity.

Social program - a detailed outline of state activity which follows and implements a specific social welfare policy. A social program outlines the funds to be spent and the purposes for which they will be spent.

Social work - work of benefit to those in need of help, especially work undertaken by trained staff. Social work remains an action-oriented subject in which individual and social change play key parts; work of benefit to those in need of help, especially work undertaken by trained staff.

Social services - non-monetary personal or community services provided by the state and non-profit organizations for members of the community, such as daycare, housing, crisis intervention, support groups for women experiencing abuse.

Structural unemployment - the number of vacant jobs which exceeds the number of persons unemployed, because the available jobs do not match up with the skills of the unemployed persons.

Systemic discrimination - application of workplace policies and practices not job related or related to the safe and efficient operation of the business, and work to exclude certain people.

Supply-side, economics or monetarism - believes that the focus should be on controlling inflation primarily, even if this means risking high unemployment. Monetarists believe that high unemployment is good for the economy, since it lowers the demand for higher wages. Monetarists believe that controlling inflation is important to encourage investment.

Seasonal lay-offs - which Canada is largely affected by, is a structural factor impacting on unemployment.

Secondary system of distribution - intervention in the primary system to redistribute income. For instance, collecting taxes and redistributing it in the form of income security.

Statistics Canada Low Income Cut-off - definition of poverty is that if you are spending 70% or more of the household income on necessities, you are considered to be living in straitened circumstances.

Supply-side economics see poverty - as an individual problem, due to inability, irresponsibility, lack of skills, education, experience, motivation, laziness, etc.

Secondary labour market - low earnings and benefits, instability, more menial jobs, a large number of unemployed that keep wage demands down, external competition.

Social democracy - an ideology that believes in the following social values: equality, justice, quality of power, freedom, and fellowship.

	For social democracy, equality is a basic human right.
	For social democracy, justice means that rewards and privileges are available to all people, whether or not they are rich or poor.
	For social democracy, equality of power means that it is unacceptable for one person to have power over another.
	For social democrats, freedom means that individuals must have the freedom to control their lives, and must enjoy economic equality and have a say in their working conditions.
	Social democrats believe in fellowship, or cooperation instead of competition.
	Radical social democrats believe in abolishing capitalism; whereas, other social democrats believe in changing the system somehow.
	For social democrats, the Welfare State is the result of gradual reform, a slow process over the past 200 years. Social Welfare has been a part of this change and has become a natural result of it.
	Social democrats believe that the market needs to be regulated.
	Social democrats criticize capitalism, because they believe that it leads to dominant economic interests, identified as national interests, leading to a danger of monopoly and creating imbalance.
	Social democrats believe that capitalism will never eliminate poverty.
	Social democracy supports a mixed economy, or a combination of private and public enterprise, where it is participatory and everyone has a voice.
	Social democracy believes that the Welfare State is a necessary response to industrialization.
	Social democracy believes in universality of social programs and services, as well as a test for supplementary assistance.

Social minimum - a certain quality of condition in a certain society, without which health and a chance in life is impossible.

Social insurance - The three components of social insurance are: 1. Minimum income programs 2. Social insurance programs 3. Social security programs

Social insurance - The Canada and Quebec Pension Plans, Unemployment Insurance and Worker's Compensation are social insurance programs.

Spouse's Allowance (S.P.A.) - which is part of level 1 (basic minimum) of the 3 Tier Retirement Income Security system is for widowed people or for couples where one person is at least 65 and the other was between the ages of 60 and 65 inclusive, but with no other earnings other than (abbreviate) O.A.S. and G.I.S..

Scientific philanthropy - emerged from ideals of reform and social progress which were increasingly influenced by science. This concept believes in the scientific spirit, or being fact-minded and rational.

Social gospel - a movement for a more socially-oriented church, concerned with justice and social action was particularly important in the Methodist and the Presbyterian churches, but also in the Anglican, and Congregationalist churches.

Settlement houses - a form of community organizing in which the middle and upper classes lived with the poor, and advocated for better social and working conditions.

Sex stereotyping - inherent in early social work, as it was seen as an extension of women's work in the home into the public sphere. A principle task of the profession in these years was, to keep women in the home to enhance child development and family life, a paradoxical development for the women in the profession.

Social work unions - fairly rare even today; this was very controversial in the thirties.

Sexual Abuse - Any sexual exploitation of a child whether consented to or not. It includes touching of a sexual nature or any behaviour of a sexual nature towards a child.

Structural approach - an approach that believes that the relations between rich and poor nations cause underdevelopment.

Solidarity - an approach which is based on the idea that conflict based on exploitation or domination exists, and that people in a position of exploitation or domination must fight against their exploiters to liberate themselves.

Social Planning - a type of community work which refers to planning and data gathering about problems in order to choose the most rational course of action.

Social Action - a type of community work which refers to the organization of disadvantaged groups in the community to redistribute power, resources or decision-making.

Social work - work of benefit to those in need of help, especially work undertaken by trained social workers.

Social worker - a person educated and trained to do social work, direct or indirect social work.

Social work theory - to do with ideas and thoughts of the social work theorists and practitioners about how to practice social work.

Social work with individuals - a social work method that includes four steps - intake, assessment and case plan, intervention and termination.

Social work contract - an agreement (voluntary or involuntary) between the social worker and the client, to assist the client in the resolution of her or his personal problem.

Social work rapport (establishing rapport) - involves the intangible elements of the social work relationship: active listening, mutual dialogue, trust, caring, sharing thoughts and ideas.

Social work agency - a social work agency which has social workers who have an interest in particular issues and the expertise to deal with them.

Self-Government - Quite simply, the concept expresses the desire of Aboriginal peoples to control their destiny. It precludes accountability to the provincial and federal governments in favour of accountability and responsibility to the Aboriginal peoples by their own Aboriginal leaders. Self-government is concerned with sovereignty in relation to the Canadian state- within it or outside it, depending on one=s view. Self-government consists of two distinguishing factors. The first is the source of the right of self-government: the federal government's position is that self-government may be delegated by the Canadian state whereas most Aboriginal leaders contend that self-government is an inherent right that can not be extinguished. The second factor concerns the implementation of the right of self-government (taken from Issac, 1995:343).

Status - A term commonly applied to a person who is registered an as Indian under the Indian Act (Canada. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1991:5). Until 1985, the Canadian government's criteria for status was primarily based upon a person's biological ancestry and pre-contact affiliation with a discrete group or band. Currently, a person may have Indian status and yet not formally belong to a particular Indian band (Boldt, 1993:207).

Stereotyping - The application of an over-simplified label to entire group of people.

Structural Colonialism - Involves control of power and decision-making by dominant group for the purpose of extracting benefits.

Social Learning Theory - suggests that men are taught to be more aggressive and women are taught to be passive.

Structural social work - help which focuses on the structural implications of personal problems or the impact social structures have on people, according to class, race, age, gender, ability, and sexuality. Structural social work seeks to expose and oppose structures in society that oppress people according to class, gender, race, ability, and sexuality.

Social Control - Structural social work analyzes the social control function of social work and recognizes that the profession of social work functions, in part, to control certain people and groups in society in order to maintain and legitimate social divisions and the social order.

Secondary structures - personality, family, community and bureaucracy. The division between primary and secondary structures is used because the primary structures have more impact on secondary structures than vice versa.

Socio-behavioral modification - an approach to social work which changes observable behaviour using conditioning techniques.

Speemhamland System -a system which called on the parish to supplement the wages of workers so they had enough income to cover their families' basic needs.

Social reform - the notion that problems like poverty could be solved through government action.

Social services - the development of economic security programs and social services.

Scientific philanthropy - the idea that charities should become organized to more systematically approach the question of poverty.

Scientific casework - this was part of 20th century push to incorporate science into the practice of charity work.

Social work in the government - involves working with income security programs, establishing eligibility and providing financial services; social services, offering help on a more individual basis; Community and Social Services (provincial; Unemployment Insurance Commission (federal); Youth Services Bureau; probation and parole; alcohol and drug addiction programs; child welfare; and homes for special care are the primary places of work for social workers.

Social work in semi-governmental - settings involves those organizations that have a legal mandate (usually provincial) to carry out certain activities and are virtually 100 per cent government-funded, but nonetheless are guided by a privately-elected board of governors. Examples are hospitals, and the Children's Aid Societies in Ontario and Nova Scotia.

Social work for voluntary or Private organizations - involves not-for-profit and for-profit agencies which receive government funding, as well as private funding, but are guided by privately-elected boards of directors.

Social work in a private practice - setting involves a very small percentage of organizations which offer social work services directly billed to the client.

Social work in local social planning - involves local private Social Planning Councils, which advocate for and plan social services.

Social work in private industry - involves working within company employee assistance programs.

Social Gospel - a movement toward a more socially-oriented church among the Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist churches.

Settlement Houses - the purpose was to bring the educated middle class and even the charitable upper class or gentry to live among the urban poor in working class neighbourhoods.

Technological change - Structural factors impacting on unemployment also includes technological change, due to increased automation. This increased automation results in a decreased demand for labour as well as skill redundancy.

Targeting - a means test or a needs test in applied to determine eligibility and benefits are limited to those deemed eligible, based on administrative criteria.

Transitional Phase (1891 to 1940) - A characteristic of the Transitional Phase (1891 to 1940) was that a transition from private to public took place. Provisions of the Transitional Phase included the Workmen's Compensation Act, relief programs (three phases - "pick and shovel" jobs or labour for relief; work for relief - like workfare; and cash relief.), and the Old Age Pensions Act.

Transitional phase - between 1890 and 1940, social work began to replace charity visitors as it developed as a profession, especially for women. During this phase, the social work approach was mainly psychological as social sciences expanded. Women were becoming increasingly involved in social reform as an extension of what was seen as their maternal role. During the transitional phase, social work began to replace charity visitors.

The Canadian Association of Social Workers - founded in 1928 to promote the profession in Canada.

Temperance movement - a women's movement which aimed to ban the use of alcohol.

The Scoop - massive removal of children and placement into non-aboriginal foster and adoptive homes. This took place mostly in the 1960s.

Tension-building phase - a phase in which the woman sees that friction is building in the relationship and there is going to be an explosion. The man is getting angrier every day, showing it in ways such as yelling at the children.

The Government Annuities Act - (1908) provided a system whereby people might provide for their old age by periodical or occasional payments or lump sums to a government operated annuity.

The Labour Coordination Act - (1918) established public employment bureaus to help the expected flood of job seekers to find employment.

The Statute of Labourers - Famine and the Black Plaque combined with the possibility of vagrancy and beggary resulted in a labour shortage. There were not enough workers for the weaving trade. It was the labour shortage which prompted the establishment, in 1349, of this first piece of English social welfare legislation. When we examine the elements of The Statute of Labourers, it becomes apparent that present-day Welfare remains linked to the past by these same ideas.

The Canadian Association of Social Workers - founded in the mid-1920s when some provinces began organizing themselves to discuss issues relating to the profession of social work.

Underemployment - where the education and training required for the job obtained is less than the education and training of the worker that is doing the job.

Urbanization - a factor affecting the changing nature of the family, the growing of cities due to immigrants moving to colonies to farm, such as Canada.

Universality - everyone within a certain category (for example, over 65 years of age) receives benefits without a means test or a needs test.

Unemployment Assistance Act - 1956, for those not covered by existing categorical programs, such as Old Age Security and Mother's Allowance.

Universality - Medical care is to be provided to all residents of a province regardless of age, condition or ability to pay.

User fees - an extra fee above the scale, small charges directly to the patient for hospital and physician services.

Unmasking Structures - an element of the structural social work approach, fostering an understanding of the client's living/working conditions by linking these to the primary structures of oppression (patriarchy, racism, capitalism, heterosexism).

Voluntary clients - people who have chosen to seek services of a social worker.

Workhouse Test - The workhouse test was viewed as a way to make relief less appealing, and a way to judge whether or not need was genuine.

Worktest - Large workhouse institutions were changed to a worktest, which was performed at home instead of in an institution. It was difficult to find enough unpleasant jobs for the workhouse institutions.

Worker's Compensation - was one of the first programs to arise, and came out due to public outcry about the large number of injuries and deaths in factories. This outcry also led the emergence of the Factories Act.

White Paper on Employment and Income - Canada made a commitment to full employment in 1945.

Welfare state - governments assuming responsibility for activities previously private. A system whereby the state undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial need.

Women as persons - were not legally considered persons until 1929. They got the federal vote in 1920, and the provincial vote in 1919. Before women were allowed to vote, even men had to own a certain amount of property in order to vote. Women were not allowed to vote even if they had this.

Workhouse test - seen as a way to make relief less appealing and a test of authenticity.

Work test - was developed to avoid the development of large institutions of workhouses. With this a person would be given a specific task such as sawing work in order to receive assistance.