Campaign 2000 -
In 1989, there was an all parliamentary resolution passed, which stated a goal
to eliminate child poverty in Canada by the year 2000. Since 1989, the child
poverty rate has increased.
Canada and Quebec Pension Plan -
1965, a wage-related supplement to Old Age Security. This plan saw 65 years of
age as the age to retire, not 70 years.
Canada Assistance Plan -
Federal legislation, passed in 1966
and considered by many as a keystone of the Canadian welfare state. The
legislation required the federal government to fund half the cost of social
programs undertaken by the provinces.
Canada
Health and Social Transfer (CHST)- Federal legislation which
combines federal funding for health, postsecondary education and welfare and
transfers a designated amount of money based on population size to each province
rather than transferring a percentage of actual costs. It replaced both the
Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) and Established Program Financing (EPF).
Canada/Quebec Pension Plan - C/QPP
is a national contributory and earnings-related pension program introduced in
1966. It provides benefits in the case of retirement, death and long-term
disability.
Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work (CASSW)
- a voluntary, national charitable association of university faculties, schools
and departments offering professional education in social work at the
undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels. Established in 1967,
CASSW is the successor to the National Committee of Schools of Social Work,
which, since 1948, had been the forum for programmes offering professional
education in social work. Their web site is at http://www.cassw-acess.ca
Canadian Association of Social
Workers (CASW) -
founded in the 1926 to promote the profession of social work in Canada, to
monitor employment conditions and to establish standards of practice within the
profession. As a federation of the 10 provincial and one territorial social work
organizations, the Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) provides a
national leadership role in strengthening and advancing the social work
profession in Canada. Their web site is at http://www.casw-acts.ca/
Capital
- Wealth that can be used to generate income (as distinct, say, from a wage that
allows someone to subsist). Marxist economics sees capital as accumulated labour,
since capitalists gain wealth by purchasing the labour of others and extracting
more value from that labour than they pay as a wage.
Capitalism
- an economic system in which the means of production, such as land and
factories, are privately owned and operated for profit. Usually ownership is
concentrated in the hands of a small number of people. Capitalism, which
developed during the Industrial Revolution, is associated with free enterprise,
although in practice even capitalist societies have government regulations for
business, to prevent monopolies and to cushion domestic industries from foreign
competition. Opponents of capitalism say that the economy should be organized to
serve the public good, not private profit. Supporters say capitalism creates
wealth, which creates jobs, which create prosperity for everyone.
Capitalist
- Someone who owns means of production, and so can earn capital by exploiting
the labour of workers.
Cartier, Jacques - A great French explorer, he is credited with first discovering Canada
in 1535. He also discovered and charted the Saint Lawrence River in the same
year.
Case manager A
professional who oversees the provision of a variety of specialized services to
ensure that they are delivered in a fashion that represents an effective
response to the whole problem.
Case services Personal
social services meant to help those with personal maladjustments, problems,
illness, or other difficulties.
Case study - A detailed
description of a particular individual being studied or treated.
CCF
(Cooperative Commonwealth Federation) - This Canadian socialist political
party was founded in Calgary in 1932 and first met in Regina in 1923. The
"Regina Manifesto" included economic planning, central financial
control and price stabilization, the extension of public ownership in
communications and natural resources, the creation of a welfare state and an
emergency relief program. It forced the Liberal Party to place a stronger
emphasis on social reforms with such federal legislation as the 1944 Family
Allowances Act. In 1961, the party evolved into the New Democratic Party with
Tommy Douglas, the CCF Premier of Saskatchewan, as its leader.
Census - a survey, last taken 1996, of all Canadians
conducted every five years across Canada by Statistics Canada. Used to determine
population characteristics such as number of people, ages, education level
attained, employment, unemployment, occupations, earnings, etc.
Census family -
is a currently married or common-law couple with or without never-married
children, or a single parent with never-married children in the same dwelling.
Charity - Help
donated to others by individuals and private organizations.
Charity or friendly visitors -
people charged with doing home visits to determine if a person was deserving of
charity or relief in the late 1800s and early 1900s. They provided
"out-of-door relief" during the 19th century. Those who provided the
early forms of relief were known as charity visitors. They were wealthy and it
was hoped that the moral rectitude of wealthy would rub off on the needy.
Charity Organization Society -
- Social welfare agencies
established in the latter part of the 1800s that utilized a "scientific
charity" approach to studying the needs of individuals and families. Originated
in London, England in the 1860s by upper and professional men and women because
of "urban chaos" and the indiscriminate giving of relief by
uncontrolled charities. It differentiated between the deserving and undeserving
poor, believing that indiscriminate material relief would cause pauperism.
Charlotte Whitton -
as secretary of the Canadian Welfare Council (now the Canadian Council on Social
Development), she developed extensive contacts in agencies all over the country,
and staff of these agencies were often recommended by her for their posts. She
also initiated the social survey as a method of modernizing and
professionalising the provision of charity, a task she saw as her mission. She
also believed, however, in containing and not expanding the role of the welfare
state and opposed the development of state social programs in Canada in the work
of Leonard Marsh.
Chicago School of Economics - An influential branch of conservative and
libertarian economics, based at the University of Chicago. It is a major
ideological defender of free markets and capitalism, with a heavy emphasis on
mathematical analysis. Milton Friedman boosted the prestige of the Chicago
School in the 1960s, with the development of such theories as monetarism and the
natural rate of unemployment.
Child Abuse -
The physical, psychological, social, emotional and sexual maltreatment of a
child whereby the survival, safety, self-esteem, growth and development of the
person are endangered. Separate categories include: physical abuse, neglect,
sexual abuse and emotional abuse.
Child labour -
In the 1870s when factories sprang into existence, children were exploited by
way of being forced to work 50 to 60 hours per week in unsafe and unsanitary
conditions, and were docked pay for minor infractions, such as laughing.
Child welfare Programs
that seek to improve the quality of parenting that children receive.
Child welfare services -
an historical phase in which J.J. Kelso, a journalist, began organizing meetings
on the problem of street children and the abuse of children in general. He was
critical of many of the private charities and orphanages with children under
their care.
Childhood Recognized -
an historical phase in which the view of children changed. Orphanages and
schools were established to remove children from workhouses. Several private
charity organizations and child welfare groups began advocating for the welfare
of children.
Citizen
- a person who is a member of a state or nation, either by birth or
naturalization, is entitled to full civil rights.
Class
(social class) - A large category or group of people within a system
of social stratification who have a similar socio-economic status in relation to
other socio-economic segments of the society or community. The Marxian
definition of social class is in terms of a class's objective position or
relation to the means of production in society.
Classical conditioning - Learning through association, when a neutral
stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus (unconditioned
stimulus) that naturally produces an emotional response.
The kind of learning
that takes place when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that
automatically produces a reflex response; the neutral stimulus comes to elicit
the response.
Classical
economics - the dominant theory of economics from the eighteenth
century until superseded by neoclassical economics in the twentieth century. It
is associated with Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) John Stuart Mill's
Principles of Political Economy (1848), and the work of David Ricardo
(1772-1823), who were the first to systematically establish a body of economic
principles. The basic idea was that the economy functioned most efficiently if
everyone was allowed to pursue his or her own self-interest. Classical economics
therefore favoured laissez faire; the primary economic law was that of
competition.
Claw
Back
- policy whereby what was once considered universal benefits of the welfare
state is taken back at tax time. While all senior citizens receive old age
pensions from the government, it is now the case that if total income exceeds a
certain amount a portion, or all, of additional old age benefits is taxed back
(clawed back) through annual individual income taxation. In the future the Old
Age Security pension will be paid to individuals based on their income (or
household income for couples).
CLC
(Canadian Labour Congress) - This labour organization was
established in 1956 with the merger of the Trades and Labour Congress and the
Canadian Congress of Labour. The CLC was ready to take political action and in
1961 it united with the CCF (Cooperative Commonwealth Federation) to form the
New Democratic Party. In conjunction with the CCF they were responsible for
pressuring government for social welfare programs.
Clear Grits - Upper Canadian Reformers who didn't like how conservative their own
party was getting. They believed in representation by population, free trade
with the United States, and other US political views. They were popular in the
west, and after Confederation formed the basis of the Liberal party.
Client -
a person, family, group, or community working with a social worker.
Is seen by some as a term to be avoided as it denotes a professional relationship of
authority over the person the social worker is helping.
Client-Worker Power -
an element of the structural social work approach, acting to share
decision-making power with clients and to demystify professional techniques; no
records hidden from the client.
Clinical ego-psychology approach
- an approach in
which the client is viewed as having the problem and needs assistance with
adaptation
Clinical psychology - The branch of psychology that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment
of mental and emotional disorders.
Code of Ethics -
A profession's set of standards concerning the ethical behavior of its
members. All members are expected
to be guided by this code in their professional activities. The
CASW has a code of ethics, which is a set of principles to guide a social worker
as he or she deals with issues arising in the workplace.
Cognitive
errors - In cognitive therapy, the client's misconceptions and faulty
assumptions. (Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction,
overgeneralization, magnification, polarized thinking, and personalization.)
Cognitive
restructuring - A process of
actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with
constructive thoughts and beliefs.
Cognitive
structure - The organizing aspect of thinking, which monitors and
directs the choice of thoughts; implies an "executive processor," one
that determines when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns.
Cognitive
therapy - An approach and set of procedures that attempts to change
feelings and behaviour by modifying faulty thinking and believing.
Collaborative
empiricism - A strategy of
viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations.
Collective Consciousness -an
element of the structural social work approach, respecting the client's
individuality while raising consciousness about the group or social movement
whose members share similar structural locations with clients; joining such
groups and movements.
Colonialism - Political
domination of one nation over another that is institutionalized in direct
political administration by the colonial power, control of all economic
relationships and a systematic attempt to transform the culture of the subject
nation.
Colonization -
The subjugation of one people by another through destruction and/or weakening of
basic institutions of the subjugated culture and replacing them with those of
the dominant culture. Colonization is created and perpetuated by the structural
power to determine the institutions of the colonized and the normative control
to influence how the colonizers are viewed by the colonized.
Common human needs - Needs shared by ail human beings that are basic to human survival and
development.
Common Law-
the body of law developed as a result of custom and judicial decisions,
as distinct from the law laid down by legislative assemblies.
Communism - A social and economic system in which all (or nearly all) property is
public, not private. That is, everyone shares resources. Not to be confused for
socialism, which only grants ownership of the means of production to workers.
Community
- a group of people having common ties or interests and/or living in the same
locality or district. It may be a geographic community or a group of people with
similar interests or problems.
Community organization -
a social work method practised with communities. It involves six steps: entry,
data collection and analysis, goal setting, action planning, action taking and
termination.
Comprehensiveness -
Each provincial plan must cover insured services provided by hospitals, private
medical practitioners and other related health care services provided on the
request of a physician. This varies from province to province according to what
services are listed as essential.
Conflict perspective -
sees society as constantly experiencing struggle among opposing groups with
varying interests at stake. From the conflict perspective, society is held
together by the use of control of resources by groups who maintain varying
levels of political power over groups who hold less power.
Confluence - A disturbance in which the sense of the boundary between self
and environment is lost.
Confrontation - The
process of presenting various information/feedback to the client for his or her
personal benefit; often viewed as a challenge.
Congruence - A
characteristic of genuineness that refers to behavior in which a person s words
and behavior seem to match.
Consciousness-raising
- The process by which an individual or group comes to be aware of and
understand that other people share with them common experiences, that others too
are restricted and damaged by certain practices, patterns of relations, beliefs,
stereotypes, myths, expectations, and social structures. It is the process by
which people begin to understand the relationships between their own
biographies, other people's biographies, history, and the social infrastructure.
Conservatism
- A political ideology generally characterized by a belief in individualism and
minimal government intervention in the economy and society; also a belief in the
virtue of the status quo and general acceptance of traditional morality. Similar
to liberalism, this ideology believes in the following social values: freedom,
individualism and inequality.
Constituents - People
who select or elect others to represent or serve them in some manner.
Constitution -
A document describing the governing principles of a nation or organization, as
well as the rights and responsibilities of individuals. The difference between
the constitution and law is only one of degree; the constitution describes very
general principles, rights and responsibilities; the law describes highly
specific ones.
Constitution
- The fundamental rules and principles by which a state is organized.
Constructivism
- A recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the
subjective framework and interpretations of the client, rather than looking to
the objective bases of faulty beliefs.
Contingency - A future
event which influences present behaviour; an action which is dependent on an
uncertain or unforeseen event. The contingencies which social welfare seeks to
address can be grouped into three interrelated categories: contingencies which
threaten economic survival, contingencies, which threaten the integrity of the
person, and contingencies, which affect the family.
Contracting Out - The practice of hiring private agencies to implement specified public
social welfare activities and deliver certain services in return for payment
from public funds.
Contradictions
- the conflict between existing forms of social interaction and new social
relations generated by changes in the mode of production.
Convention
Refugee - Someone who has been found
to fear persecution in his or her country or origin because of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. In Canada, the
Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD)
decides who is a Convention refugee.
Convention Refugee Seeking Resettlement - Someone who has a well founded fear of persecution in his or her country
of origin because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group
or political opinion. The visa officer abroad determines who is a Convention
refugee seeking resettlement.
Conventional approach -an
approach to social work which tends to focus on the relation between people and
their environments, enhancing coping and problem solving capacities of people,
linking them with resources, promoting human services and contributing to better
social policy.
Conventional approach to
international development -
an approach that believes that the effects of economic growth will trickle down
to the poorest in society.
Coping-skills
program - A behavioural
procedure for helping clients deal effectively with stressful situations by
learning to rnodify their thinking patterns.
Correlation coefficient - A statistical measure of the direction and
strength of the linear relationship between two variables, which can range from
-1.00 to +1.00.
Creative arts therapy - The use of creative activities such as music, art, dance to facilitate
personal insight, self-expression, and social awareness.
Crime - An
act committed in violation of a law.
Crisis intervention - A type of help designed to meet the needs of a person faced with an
unusually difficult life situation.
Critical Theory - A
sociology developed by the Frankfurt school that is influenced by divergent
intellectual ideas, including Marxism and psychoanalysis. It starts from two
principles: opposition to the status quo and the idea that history can be
potentially progressive.
Cross-cultural Social Work-
any social work interaction or relationship in which at least two of the
participants are from different cultural backgrounds.
Cultural Colonialism -
Involves normative control of a minority group's culture in order to legitimize
external control.
Cultural Competency
– This model means that the workers develop the ability to acknowledge
different perceptions and experiences and incorporate
this into practice applications. In other words, the worker must take this
knowledge of the ‘other’ culture, and combine it with an analysis of how
one’s own culture affects their social work interventions.
Cultural Literacy
- This model emphasizes the need for social workers to gain a deep understanding
of the worldview or ‘cultural frame of reference’ of the client. This means
that the worker must study the history, background language and characteristic
of the diverse cultural groups. Many social work textbooks take this approach
and present general overviews of a variety of ethno-cultural groups.
Culture - The
generally shared knowledge, beliefs and values of members of society. Culture is
conveyed from generation to generation through the process of socialization.
Cycle of counseling
- Specific ways of creating a positive climate in which
counselling can occur. The proper environment is based on personal involvement
and specific procedures aim at change.
Cycle of violence theory -
explains what happens in individual relationships in a three-step process.