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AH-HAH Method - an approach to popular education, an example of the structural perspective. It refers to the experience people have when they understand clearly for the first time something they knew in a partial or confused way.
Accessibility - This meant there must be a wide range of services, accessible services, and a reduction or elimination of user fees. Each province was required to provide health care with reasonable access both financial and geographic. This applies to ward care in a hospital, free choice of a physician, reasonable compensation to physicians and adequate payments to hospitals.
Ambiguity of social work - has to do with the dilemmas faced by social workers in the social work relationship. While social workers are helpers, they are also expected to enforce rules and regulations in the helping relationship with the client
Assessment process - the social worker analyzes with the client, the need for help based on the client's information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings about the problem.
American Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - In the history of people with disabilities, the passing of the American Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was pivotal, because is was legislation which disallowed discrimination against people with disabilities.
Anger-control theory - focuses on the idea that men must be held accountable for their violent behaviour and learn to deal with and control their tempers, showing their feelings in more appropriate ways. This theory does not attempt to get at or explain the root cause of wife abuse and in that it is different than the other two theories. Instead, it focuses on poor control of the temper - if men can control their temper, violence will stop. It is a changed behaviour model. (It should be noted that criminalization and a punishment-based model appear to be the most successful.)
Acute battering incident - a phase in which the tension has reached a point where the violence erupts. This is usually a shorter phase than the first, lasting between two and 24 hours, usually. This is where the woman is abuse, hit, kicked, bruised, beaten, often resulting in injuries for the woman.
A federal department of Heath - (1919), was established to give provinces grants-in-aid to combat venereal disease.
Advocacy organizations -work in defence of the client, such as citizen advocacy which advocates on behalf of an individual, research group or lobby group.
Adoption Act - (1921), permitted legal adoption for the first time.
Birth control - was illegal until 1969 in Canada, although one could buy it "under the counter". In 1892, the First Criminal Code of Canada stated that it was an offence to have or distribute this.
Business cycles - which impact on unemployment, are characterized by dips in the economy or recessions.
Bill C-31 - Prior to 1985, if an Indian woman married a non-Indian man, she lost her Indian status. Also, a non-Indian woman who married an Indian man was accorded Indian status. This gender discrimination provision was repealed by Bill C-31, 1985. The Bill made provisions for the reinstatement of status for persons who had lost it. The Act to Amend the Indian Act also acknowledged the right of Indian bands to control their own membership (Canada. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1991:21).
British Poor Law - By 1597, all the legal changes in The Statute of Labourers over the century were amalgamated into one piece of legislation called the British Poor Law.
Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) - a federal government program no longer in existence, which came out in 1966 whose function was to set income security standards.
Child labour - In the 1870s when factories sprang into existence, children were exploited by way of being forced to work 50 to 60 hours per week in unsafe and unsanitary conditions, and were docked pay for minor infractions, such as laughing.
Census family - is a currently married or common-law couple with or without never-married children, or a single parent with never-married children in the same dwelling.
Conservatism - similar to liberalism, this ideology believes in the
following social values: freedom, individualism and inequality.
Canada and Quebec Pension Plan - 1965, a wage-related supplement to Old Age Security. This plan saw 65 years of age as the age to retire, not 70 years.
Canada Assistance Plan - 1966, large, consolidation of all needs and means tested programs, to meet needs, focusing on fact of need, not cause of need, although a needs test was still required.
Campaign 2000 - In 1989, there was an all parliamentary resolution passed, which stated a goal to eliminate child poverty in Canada by the year 2000. Since 1989, the child poverty rate has increased.
Charity visitors - visited the poor to determine whether or not they were deserving of relief. They provided "out-of-door relief" during the 19th century. Those who provided the early forms of relief were known as charity visitors. They were wealthy and it was hoped that the moral rectitude of wealthy would rub off on the needy.
Charity Organization Society - originated in London, England in the 1860s by upper and professional men and women because of "urban chaos" and the indiscriminate giving of relief by uncontrolled charities. It differentiated between the deserving and undeserving poor, believing that indiscriminate material relief would cause pauperism.
Charlotte Whitton - as secretary of the Canadian Welfare Council (now the Canadian Council on Social Development), she developed extensive contacts in agencies all over the country, and staff of these agencies were often recommended by her for their posts. She also initiated the social survey as a method of modernizing and professionalising the provision of charity, a task she saw as her mission. She also believed, however, in containing and not expanding the role of the welfare state and opposed the development of state social programs in Canada in the work of Leonard Marsh.
Child Abuse - The physical, psychological, social, emotional and sexual maltreatment of a child whereby the survival, safety, self-esteem, growth and development of the person are endangered. Separate categories include: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse and emotional abuse.
Childhood Recognized - an historical phase in which the view of children changed. Orphanages and schools were established to remove children from workhouses. Several private charity organizations and child welfare groups began advocating for the welfare of children.
Child welfare services - an historical phase in which J.J. Kelso, a journalist, began organizing meetings on the problem of street children and the abuse of children in general. He was critical of many of the private charities and orphanages with children under their care.
Conventional approach - an approach that believes that the effects of economic growth will trickle down to the poorest in society.
Comprehensiveness - Each provincial plan must cover insured services provided by hospitals, private medical practitioners and other related health care services provided on the request of a physician. This varies from province to province according to what services are listed as essential.
Client - a person, family, group, or community seeking the assistance of a social worker.
Conflict perspective - a theory which states that society is made up of a variety of groups with opposing interests, values and expectations. Those groups compete for power and resources and those who prevail establish society=s dominant ideology.
Community organization - a social work method practised with communities. It involves six steps: entry, data collection and analysis, goal setting, action planning, action taking and termination.
Cultural Colonialism - Involves normative control of a minority group's culture in order to legitimize external control.
Colonization - The subjugation of one people by another through destruction and/or weakening of basic institutions of the subjugated culture and replacing them with those of the dominant culture. Colonization is created and perpetuated by the structural power to determine the institutions of the colonized and the normative control to influence how the colonizers are viewed by the colonized.
Cycle of violence theory - explains what happens in individual relationships in a three-step process.
Conventional approach -an approach to social work which tends to focus on the relation between people and their environments, enhancing coping and problem solving capacities of people, linking them with resources, promoting human services and contributing to better social policy.
Conflict perspective - sees society as constantly experiencing struggle among opposing groups with varying interests at stake. From the conflict perspective, society is held together by the use of control of resources by groups who maintain varying levels of political power over groups who hold less power. Structural Social Workers base their views of society from the conflict perspective.
Clinical ego-psychology approach - an approach in which the client is viewed as having the problem and needs assistance with adaptation
Client-Worker Power - an element of the structural social work approach, acting to share decision-making power with clients and to demystify professional techniques; no records hidden from the client.
Collective Consciousness -an element of the structural social work approach, respecting the client's individuality while raising consciousness about the group or social movement whose members share similar structural locations with clients; joining such groups and movements.
Capitalism - a mode of production based on the wage/employer relationship, where the employer owns the means of production and the workers earn a wage.
Charity or friendly visitors - people charged with doing home visits to determine if a person was deserving of charity or relief in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Charity Organization Society - the first such organization was in Britain. They attempted to bring private charities together to coordinate charity giving.
Code of Ethics - The CASW has a ------ code of ethics, which is a set of principles to guide a social worker as he or she deals with issues arising in the workplace.
Direct social work - involves working directly with people as individuals, in families or households and communities in a counselling role.
Deserving poor - someone who was "impotent to serve" or ill.
Domesticity - a factor affecting the changing nature of the family, the belief that biology is destiny, that women's capacity to reproduce and that they are smaller than men in size means that men are and should be superior to women.
Demand-side economics see poverty - as a result of characteristics of the labour market as the factors that determine income differences.
Dual labour market - believes that the labour market is divided into primary and secondary labour markets.
Deficit - the difference between government expenditures and government revenues in a given year.
Debt - the accumulated deficits year after year, less any surpluses year after year.
Deserving poor - those seen to be of good moral character and deserving of relief.
Dependency approach - an approach that believes that sees advanced capitalist countries as the economic centre with developing countries around the periphery, dependent on the centre.
Decolonization - A process where a colonized people, by developing a consciousness based on the remnants of the traditional culture, redefine themselves as peoples and reassert the distinct qualities that historically guided their existence.
Defense - an element of the structural social work approach, responding to client's need for immediate resources; advocacy for client rights and for greater resources to clients.
Deserving and undeserving poor - the role of charity visitors was to establish who had a real need for help.
Early Period (1840 to 1890) - One of the characteristics of the Early Period (1840 to 1890) is that social welfare was local and private. It was not considered a national responsibility. Provisions of the Early Period included relief, care of the insane, handicapped, neglected children, prisons (used for more than just those who had committed crime), and the Toronto House of Industry (a poorhouse), and the Apprentices and Minors Act of.
Emotional Abuse - Emotional attacks or omissions that cause, or could cause, serious emotional injury. This could include behaviour of parents or guardians who persistently do not take an interest in their child. For example, not talking to or hugging their child, and being chronically emotionally unavailable to their child. This could also include repeated threats, confinement, repeated exposure to violence, ongoing humiliation and ridicule, and fundamental attacks on a child=s sense of self.
Empowerment - the sense that people can create and take action on their own behalf to meet their physical, spiritual and psychological needs.
Established Program Funding - legislation which linked grants to provinces for post-secondary education with grants for hospital care and personal medical care.
Extra billing - the patient pays extra fees up front, and then applies to the province for a rebate.
Evaluation/termination - final step in the social work process, in which the client and the social worker have worked together to assist the client to achieve a resolution to the original problem.
Entry - like intake, a community usually consults a community worker about its problem, and the social worker acknowledges and responds to the community's need, or is hired by someone to help.
Elizabeth Neufeld - the head worker in the Central Neighbourhood House in Toronto and was the first social work graduate in Canada.
For-profit organizations - provide services which are often purchased by government on behalf of individuals, but their purpose is to generate a profit for the private owner of the organization.
Factories Act - required the use of safety equipment, limited each work day, and restricted employment of children to 12 hours per day.
Full employment - anyone who wants to work should have an opportunity to do so, at a job that matches that person's skills and provides a "decent" standard of living.
Frictional unemployment - caused by workers moving between jobs to look for more suitable work.
Frictional unemployment - a structural factor impacting on unemployment, is due to movement between jobs.
Family - "a social group which may or may not include adults of both sexes, may or may not include one or more children, who may or may not have been born in their wedlock. The relationship may or may not have its origin in marriage, may or may not share a common residence, the adults may or may not cohabit sexually, and the relationship may or may not involve such socially patterned feelings as attraction, piety and awe". (Margaret Eichler)
Family Allowance Act of 1944 - was the result of McKenzie King's fear of increasing popularity of socialist parties to protect the rising generation after the war, and to maintain purchasing power to avoid a post-war slump.
First Nations - A term of current usage referring to persons registered as status Indians. First Nations are also the communities of status Indians, also known as reserves. It is also becoming a generic term of convenience.
Factory Acts - required the use of safety equipment, limited the work day, and restricted the employment of children.
Free public education - began in 1880s as a solution to juvenile delinquency.
Feudalism - a mode of production whereby the feudal lord or master owns land and the peasant working on the land. The lord was obligated to provide for the peasants social welfare, however minimal that may have been. Landowners had an obligation to ensure that everyone on their land had food and shelter. This meant that people lived on the land and were supported by the produce of the land.
Guaranteed Income Supplement (G.I.S.) - which is part of level 1 (basic minimum) of the 3 Tier Retirement Income Security system was intended to supplement the O.A.S. in order to guarantee a certain minimum income. It is not taxable, but is means-tested.
Group Work - a social work method practised with groups of individuals. This method includes five steps: intake, assessment and case plan, group composition, intervention and termination.
Group membership - the group work experience requires individuals who need each other in order to work toward the goals they have set for themselves.
Group process - a degree of consensus amongst those individuals on the issues they will deal with and how they deal with the issues.
Growing scientific imperative - the idea that natural and social worlds could be understood through research, and our understanding of world not wholly dictated by religious beliefs.
Horizontal equity - recognizes the fact that parents have heavier financial burdens than childless couples and single persons with the same incomes.
Harry Cassidy - promoted scientific social research in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s at the University of Toronto, where he conducted studies of welfare services.
Health insurance - it did not materialize until the CCF (Cooperative Commonwealth Federation) won provincial elections in Saskatchewan. The Marsh Report recommended comprehensive state funded health insurance, and the Social Service Council led by Charlotte Whitton opposed it. Canadian Health policy was also proposed in the Green Book in 1945. In 1964, the Hall Report discovered that 7.5 million Canadians did not have medical coverage.
Honeymoon period - a phase in which the mans apologizes, says he should not have done it, that he loves her, asks her not to leave him and that it will never happen again. The man will call relatives to ask them to convince the woman to return to him. If the woman has left during Phase Two, she might go back during this phase. Statistics show that a woman who is usually abused leaves many times before she leaves for the last time. This period is a very powerful phase. Women want to believe that their partner has changed; they also feel it is their fault if the marriage breaks down, and feel a bad marriage is better than no marriage at all. Statistics show that single mothers are among the poorest in our society. This is where income security programs come into play.
Income security programs in Canada - Unemployment Insurance, Old Age Security, Social Assistance, G.I.S. (Guaranteed Income Supplement), Worker's Compensation, Child Benefit, Disability, Tax-delivered income security system (E.g., R.R.S.P.).
Indirect social work - advocacy groups, privacy, research and policy analysis.
Indoor relief - forced people to work for their relief by the use of a workhouse test.
Industrial capitalism - The rise of industrial capitalism is an era important to the development of a modern system of public and private social welfare and social work. Subsistence and barter systems decreased as people entered the labour market in order to survive.
Inadequate demand - an explanation for unemployment, is based on Keynsian economics.
Industrial adjustment - an economic factor impacting on unemployment, involves production moving from high-wage countries to low-wage countries, old factories closing and moving to factories with newer technology. This process leaves trails of unemployed people, with technology replacing human labour.
Imbalance between skill supply and demand - a structural factor impacting on unemployment, indicates a mismatch of skills, and that people are unable to take jobs in their geographic area, etc.
Internal migration - a structural factor impacting on unemployment, involves people moving from rural to urban areas seeking employment.
Industrialization - a factor affecting the changing nature of the family, initially people made their living at home and not in the factory system.
Individualism - a factor affecting the changing nature of the family, philosophy that emphasized free action for individuals and justification for nature of industrial system.
Income/leisure choice theory - an explanation of poverty, income differences are due to individual preferences between income and leisure.
Interventionist Phase (1941 to 1974) - A characteristic of the Interventionist Phase (1941 to 1974) was that there was a strong postwar desire for security, due to the atmosphere that surrounded the severe unemployment. People wanted to avoid another depression. Provisions of the Interventionist Phase marked the rise of many of Canada's social welfare programs, such as daycare, the Unemployment Act,
Income supplementation - Family Allowance and Child Tax Benefits are income supplementation programs.
Indexed benefits - When a program is indexed to inflation, it keeps up with the buying power of the dollar. If a program does not keep up completely with the buying power of the dollar, an income supplement actually decreases over time.
Industrialization: Children as Adults - an historical phase in which children began working in factories. The development of a capitalist economy in England began with weaving factories where the labour force consisted largely of children. Children were not seen as needing special care or nurturing, were largely ignored and severe punishment was acceptable to enforce rules.
Ideology - a perspective or popular view about the relationship between people and society.
Intake - may be the first step taken by the client, where an attempt is made by the helper to gather initial information from the client, to determine what assistance is needed. The client can make a personal request for help, or can be directed by someone in the community.
Involuntary social work - when a social worker is required by law to assist a child in danger.
Intervention - a step in which a client provides the social worker with information and shares whatever progress has been made in attempting to resolve the problem.
Indoor relief - noninstitutional methods of relief were replaced with institutional ones, such as asylums, poor houses, and houses of industry. This replacement represented a significant change in philosophy of care for people with disabilities, as people with disabilities were no longer considered part of the social order.
Individual Living Movement - a key element in the struggle to achieve human rights legislation for people with disabilities; recognized as the civil rights movement for people with disabilities in Canada and the United States; originated in the United States in the early 1970s, and was introduced into Canada in 1979.
Indian Act - Legislation that provides the Government of Canada with the legal framework of authority over Indians and lands reserved for Indians, as stated in the Constitution Act, 1867. The main purpose of the Act is to control and regulate Indian lives.
Indian - A class of people defined by the Indian Act, referring to the descendants of the first inhabitants of Canada, prior to the arrival of Europeans. An Indian is a person who is registered or entitled to be registered in the Indian Register (a centralized record).
Inuit - The Inuit are indigenous peoples that have traditionally lived upon the land ranging from the Yukon and Northwest Territories to northern Quebec and Labrador. They come under the authority of the federal government via the Constitution Act, 1867, and they have been the responsibility of Indian Affairs. However, they are not included in the Indian Act, nor have they been governed by specific legislation as have registered Indians. Like the Metis, they are included in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as Aboriginal peoples.
Indoor relief - forced people to work for their assistance.
Indoor relief - was offered within workhouses and other institutions.
Involuntary clients - those who accept services because of a legal mandate such as prisoners on parole, or children in care.
Juvenile Delinquents Act - (1908, forerunner of the Young Offenders Act of 1964), set up separate courts and conditions for juveniles accused of crimes.
Kensianism - believes that economic efficiency and equity are compatible. Social spending helps economic recovery, enhances productivity and keeps labour market flexible.
Liberalism - an ideology that believes in the following social values:
freedom, individualism, inequality, pragmatism, and humanism. Liberalism supports social insurance
programs, because it believes that they encourage savings (thus being less dependent on the State),
shares the risk of unemployment, injury and retirement amongst all those at risk. Liberalism believes in
full employment as a social program, so that people support themselves and can be less dependent on the State.
Less Eligibility - the concept of less eligibility is one of the subjects of debate that centre around the idea that if you pay someone more than they would earn working, this creates a disincentive to work.
Laissez-faire approach - an approach that believes that government interference in the operation of the free market should be minimized. It believes that development aid hurts because it interferes with private enterprise
Locality Development - a type of community work which refers to community action for change, through the participation of a broad range of people in the community who focus on goal determination and action.
Learning theory - main idea is that violence is a behaviour learned in childhood. Boys learn that it is okay to be violent, and girls learn that it is okay to be on the receiving end of violence - that is what relationships are about. This theory holds that all children are socialized to accept violence in our society and that this, coupled with the different roles that boys and girls are socialized into, supports and perpetuates abuse. Children who witness violence in the home are much more likely to become abusers or be abused.
Less eligibility - from the English poor laws, believed that the amount of relief must be lower than that which the lowest paid labourer could earn.
Municipal relief - was authorized in 1921 by the government, but it was seen as a municipal responsibility. Private charities and municipalities provided most of the municipal relief.
Monitorism - believes that social spending stimulates inflation, undermines labour market flexibility and productivity, and distorts the work leisure tradeoff.
Multinational or transnational corporations - associations which possess and control the means of production or services outside the country in which they were established. 90% of these are headquartered in the advanced industrial countries and control 70% of world trade.
Means test - looks at income levels in determining eligibility. Can be done through income tax forms.
Minimum income - Social assistance is a minimum income program. It provide the bare minimum needed to survive.
Maternal feminism - a woman's special role as mother implies that she has an obligation a right to participate in the public sphere.
Mary Richmond - promoted scientific casework and wrote a text called Social Diagnosis, which was used for training.
Medicare - a public insurance system, which ensures the patient against the costs of personal private care.
Medical model - theory of disability, has its roots in the field of rehabilitation medicine and the focus of intervention and change is predominantly on the individual.
Metis - The term may refer to anyone of mixed Indian/non-Indian blood and to people who can trace their ancestry to the Red River Metis who lived a distinct lifestyle in the early 1800's, and who identifies with Metis history and culture. The Metis were excluded from the Constitution Act, 1867, and the Canadian government signed no treaties and made no provision for the Metis under the Indian Act.
Mother's Allowances - legislation which emerged due to the effects of industrialization disrupting the informal social security system of rural life and the extended family, thereby increasing support for assistance to one-parent families. Several factors contributed to this legislation: 1) existence of many widows and orphans after the war; 2) increased concern for children after the large loss of life after the war and the 1918 epidemic; 3) women had recently won the right to vote.
Municipal relief - private charities and municipalities offered outdoor relief, which was assistance in kind in the form of food, clothes, etc.
Maternal feminism - the notion that women could play a public role similar to that in the family. In many ways social work continues as a profession to represent maternal feminism.
Mass consumption society - involved the development after World War Two of mass consumer goods.
Models of practice - the different ways of thinking about social work and practising social work.
Moral and Social Reform League of Canada - (1907), the banding together of the social welfare departments of the five major protestant churches to form this. This was the first "advocacy" organization in the country. Its purpose was to advocate for social reform. This league was the fore-runner of the Social Service Council of Canada, founded in 1914.
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© 1998, Steve Hick.