Early programs assumed that those without jobs were defective. This went along with the rugged individualism and frontier mentality of the early settlers. Receiving relief had the stigma of failure attached to it, and humiliating inquiry into the personal affairs of the person. Here the cause of need was important in determining eligibility, although generally it was assumed that the person had a defect.

With fact of need once it is established that the person is experiencing the risk, which the program intended to address, she/he is assumed to be in need, and benefits are paid without personal inquiry.