Early Period (1840 to 1890) -
One of the characteristics of the Early Period (1840 to 1890) is that social
welfare was local and private. It was not considered a national responsibility.
Provisions of the Early Period included relief, care of the insane, handicapped,
neglected children, prisons (used for more than just those who had committed
crime), and the Toronto House of Industry (a poorhouse), and the Apprentices and
Minors Act of.
Economic Cycle
- one of the regular increases in economic activity, with rising output and
employment, followed by a decrease, with falling output and rising
unemployment.]
Economic determinism - the belief that the economic organization of a
society determines the nature of all other aspects of its life.
Egalitarian
- The position that there should be structurally a degree of equality in
reference to access to control, influence, and direction over events that affect
one's life. There should also be a degree of similarity of rights, duties,
responsibilities, treatment, protection, and rewards for all members of a group,
category, and society. Equality does not mean sameness.
Ego - In
psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates
between the demands of instinctual urges, conscience, and reality.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - A therapy, used primarily to treat severe depression, in which an
electrical current is passed through the brain for a brief period.
Electronic
advocacy - the process of using communication and information
technologies to disseminate information and mobilize support from a large
constituency to help influence decision-making processes.
Eligibility requirements The conditions that must be met before people qualify to receive benefits
from a social welfare program.
Elizabeth Neufeld -
the head worker in the Central Neighbourhood House in Toronto and was the first
social work graduate in Canada.
Elizabethan Poor Laws - An official policy, created under the rule of Henry VIII of England in
1601, that established a system of shelter and care for the poor. Created the
first system of national standards of social welfare which was administered at
the local (parish) level.
Emotional Abuse -
Emotional attacks or omissions that cause, or could cause, serious emotional
injury. This could include behaviour of parents or guardians who persistently do
not take an interest in their child. For example, not talking to or hugging
their child, and being chronically emotionally unavailable to their child. This
could also include repeated threats, confinement, repeated exposure to violence,
ongoing humiliation and ridicule, and fundamental attacks on a child=s sense of
self.
Empathy - The
ability to see things from another's point of view.
Employment
Insurance (EI) - helps unemployed Canadians between jobs by providing
temporary financial assistance while they look for work or upgrade their skills,
or while they are pregnant, caring for a newborn or adopted child, or sick.
Empowerment -
the sense that people can create and take action on their own behalf to meet
their physical, spiritual and psychological needs.
Entitlements A
right to a social welfare service.
Entry -
like intake, a community usually consults a community worker about its problem,
and the social worker acknowledges and responds to the community's need, or is
hired by someone to help.
Established Program Funding -
legislation which linked grants to provinces for post-secondary education with
grants for hospital care and personal medical care.
Esteem needs - The
desire to be a respected, competent, or even superior person.
Ethical behavior - Behavior prescribed by a value.
Ethnic group - A social group that has a common
cultural tradition, common history, and common sense of identity and exists as a
subgroup in a larger society. The members of an ethnic group differ with regard
to certain cultural characteristics from the other members of their society.
Ethnocentrism -An attitude that one's own
culture, society, or group is inherently superior to all others. Ethnocentrism
means an inability to appreciate others whose culture may include a different
racial group, ethnic group, religion, morality, language, political system,
economic system, etc. It also means an inability to see a common humanity and
human condition facing all women and men in all cultures and societies beneath
the surface variations in social and cultural traditions.
Eugenics - A doctrine which holds that the human race can be "improved"
by selective control of breeding to eradicate less "desirable" traits
in society. The supporters of eugenics argue that social problems are caused by
inherited genetic traits in people which can be bred out to resolve the problem
for future generations. The logical conclusion of this theory is deeply racist
and reactionary based on dubious research and prejudice.
Evaluation/termination
-
final step in the social work process, in which the client and the social worker
have worked together to assist the client to achieve a resolution to the
original problem.
Existential
guilt - The result of, or the consciousness of, evading the
commitment to choosing for ourselves.
Existential
neurosis - Feelings of despair and anxiety that result from inauthentic
living, a failure to make choices, and an avoidance of responsibility.
Existential Therapy
- The
significance of the approach is that it reacts against the tendency to view
therapy as a system of well-defined techniques; it affirms looking at those
unique characteristics that make us human and building therapy on them. It
emphasizes choice, freedom, responsibility, and self-determination. In essence,
we are the authors of our life.
Existentialism - A philosophical movement stressing individual
responsibility for creating one's ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Expectations
of social welfare - minimum level or quality of life, certain
opportunities through education and training.
Experimental methods - Research designed to test cause-effect
relationships between variables.
Extended family - A family including not only parents and children, but also grandparents
and other relations.
External validity - The extent to which a study's findings can be
generalized to people beyond those in the study itself.
Extra billing -
the patient pays extra fees up front, and then applies to the province for a
rebate.